flower structure nature of the structure on the flower

 Flower structure nature of the structure on the flower, more consistent point of view tend to take as a section of the abnormal shortened spur, parts of the flower morphology, structure, with leaf The general nature. First proposed this view was the German poet, playwright and naturalist Goethe (Goethe 1749-1832), he thinks flowers are suitable for the role of abnormal reproductive branches. This view has been the fossil record, and a lot of system development and individual development supported by the evidence, and can explain most of the structure of flowers, which continue to use today.

a complete flower includes six basic components, namely flower stalk (pedicel), torus (receptacle), calyx (calyx), corolla (corolla), stamen group (androecium) and pistil group (gynoecium) . Pedicel and receptacle branch which is equivalent to some of the other four branches of the abnormal part of the equivalent of leaf, often collectively referred to as floral (flower parts). A taste of the flower known as the four full flower (complete flower), the lack of any part of which is called imperfect flowers (incomplete flower).

flower parts (such as the calyx, corolla, androecium and pistil group, etc.) and inflorescence evolution in the long term, resulting in a wide variety of adaptive mutation, creating a variety of type.

take the shape of the mix, about 250,000 kinds of angiosperms, there were 25 million species of flower pattern. But all the flowers are still common structural pattern, their composition is usually:

flower receptacle connected with the stem part of the composition between the Festival and the Festival, a flower festival in the fertile and infertile appendage. These sections are often shortened and the section between the inhibition of the closely crowded together, resulting in significant deformation of the receptacle, therefore, in the shape, size and structure are not like stems. Receptacle on the sterile part of the students (bracts, sepals and petals) spiral or in round habitat can be closely packed together. Whorled arrangement, the up and down between the wheels, often as alternating order. Some plants of the same type of organs such as petals, can form two or more wheels (double flower), such as the Bi peach petals.

the most out of the flower calyx, spent the rest of the protective effect. Can be divided into several sepals, in the shape and structure very similar on the leaves or bracts. Chloroplast contains green sepals, with stomata on the epidermis (control), and trichomes, but few leaves, as differentiated as palisade tissue and spongy. In morphology, the calyx as a deformation of the leaves. Sepals generally arranged into a round shape, but some of the original subjects, such as the spiral arrangement of Ranunculaceae. They can also be shaped into petals, or petals combined with the degradation. Sepals highly degenerate into a fine-tooth, scales, bristles or in small protrusions. After fertilization, loss or persistent calyx, the calyx persistent on fruit development has an important protective role.

Corolla within the calyx, corolla usually split into a sheet, called petals. Petals than sepals generally large petals in the morphology that is also a leaf organ. Perianth calyx and corolla together. Petal epidermis, but also may have holes and trichomes. The size and shape of petals a great change. Some large, some are quite small, even degenerate into scales, bristles, or glands. In addition to the protective corolla, the petal color and fragrance to attract animals for pollination plays an important role. The reason why the Corolla has a variety of bright colors, is due to the body cells contain colored pigments and cell fluid, and by the cell, the impact of changes in external factors. Some wind-pollinated flowers perianth is very clear, or green or nearly colorless.

petals separate or combined according to the situation, and close the crown from the lower part of the length of corolla tube and corolla lobes and other features of the shape and depth can be divided into the type of corolla: Tube-shaped (tubular flower sunflower ), funnel-shaped (sweet potato), bell-shaped (bellflower), wheel-shaped (tomato), lip (sesame), tongue (sunflower ray florets), butterfly (peanut) and cross (rape). In which the tubular, funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, round-shaped and cruciform corolla, the petals of the shape and size were consistent, this type of flower is actinomorphic. The lips, tongue and Papilionaceae crown, its petal shape, size is not consistent, were bilaterally symmetrical. Also some flowers, such as Canna flowers are asymmetrical.

androecium all the stamens in a flower collectively. Various types of plants, stamen number and morphology is more stable, often can be used as the basis for plant classification and identification. Generally higher than the original group of plants, large number of stamens, and arranged in several rounds; more evolutionary group, reduction in the number, constant, or the same number of petals, or the number of times in the petals. In a flower, if four stamens, of which two filaments long, two short stamens, said two strong, such as the Labiatae and Scrophulariaceae plants; and if a flower has six stamens, of which 4 long 2 short, said the top four stamens, such as cruciferous plants. In addition, the filament or anther part of the stamen, and often even the phenomenon, if complete separation of anthers, and filaments combined into a bundle, and said the single stamen, such as hollyhock, cotton, etc.; filaments into two parallel beams, said the two-body stamens, such as beans, peas, etc.; filament bundles together for 3, said the three-body stamens, such as forsythia; together more than 4 beam, said multi-body stamens, such as hypericin and ricin. In contrast, filaments completely separated, and the joint between anther, stamen, said poly drug, such as the Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae.

each stamen, anther, and the students usually by a thin filament of its composition. Anthers on the filaments of birth can be divided into: ① All the drugs, all was born in the anther filaments, such as the lotus; ② base with drugs, only the top of the anther filaments was born in the base, such as sedges, Berberis; ③ carrying drugs, was born in the back of the anther filaments to the top, such as the tung tree; ④ T with the drug, was born in anther filaments back the top of the central point, easy to shake, such as wheat, rice; ⑤ wide discrepancy drugs, completely separated into a chamber straight line, and was born in the filaments to the top, such as Huang; ⑥

usually consists of two drugs each anther lobe, each lobe with two pollen sacs drugs, including anther wall and microspores produced powder chamber (sporangia). Anther wall to the development of late by the epidermis, the powder chamber wall, in the (inter) layer and tapetum cells of 4 layers. There are many small sporangia in each microspore mother cell, after their respective meiosis to produce four haploid microspores. After each small spores (nuclear) and divided once to form a large vegetative cell (or the tube nucleus), and a small germ cells (nuclear), then the pollen grains with two cells (the male gametophyte) ripe . In the mature anther before the separation between the chamber may have broken the four anther sporangia into two pollen sacs. Pollen from the anther cracking release. Anther way are: ① longitudinal, along the junction of the two pollen sacs longitudinal cracks, such as rape, morning glory, etc.; ② horizontal crack along the central horizontal anther dehiscence, such as hibiscus, hollyhocks, etc.; ③ hole crack shaped holes in the anther at the top of a gap, such as eggplant, tomato, etc.; ④ disc crack, cracking into a number of anther wall flap, such as camphor, Berberis and so on.

all pistil pistil of a flower cluster in general. Pistil in the center of the flower, from the raw strain embryos composed of carpels. Generally believed that the carpel is the basic unit of composition of the pistil, a flower may have bent the skin or more carpels as pistil group. Carpel is the metamorphosis of leaves. Heart bag volume after the phase formed part of a suture, said the ventral suture, and in the opposite side of the carpel in the ribs for the back stitch.

by one or more carpels forming the pistil, often differentiated fertile base, swelling of the part, called the ovary, and above the sterile part of the ovary, the style and stigma. Students spend the ovary according to the situation in the different divided into: the seat bottom housing ─ ─ ovary is connected with the receptacle, this flower is called under-spend. Such as buttercup and hypericin; room under the seat ─ ─ trapped under the receptacle into the ovary, and with the receptacle completely healed, this flower is called the upper flowers, such as pumpkin; half a room under the seat half of the ovary ─ ─ Healing Ministry of the receptacle, this flower is called peri flowers, such as sugar beet. Weeks, the number of bits spent to expand into the cup receptacle or pot-shaped, the ovary was born in the central, perianth and stamens, the ovary is still on the seats around the room, such as peach, it can have on a weekly bit spend half room or under the seat seat room. Moreover, according to the number of carpel pistil composed and combined in different ways, can also be divided into single pistil pistil pistil and two types of complex. Also known from the raw single carpel pistil pistil,UGG shoes, in which a flower composed of only one carpel pistil, such as soybean, peach, etc.; also have a flower from each other by the majority of the single pistil, such as buttercup, strawberry and so on. Complex, also known as syncarpous pistil pistil, two or more carpels joint formation, in which the ovary Hopson, the separation of style and stigma, such as ricin, pink, etc.; there Hopson in style and ovary, and stigma separation , such as cotton, sunflower; also ovary, style and stigma were all 3 Hopson, such as rape, citrus and so on. From the phylogenetic point of view, a single pistil is a more primitive type.

stigma in the style of the top, the surface roughness and mucus, this is the place to accept pollen. Health ovary with one or more ovules. Place of birth of the ovule, called placenta. Placenta often divided into: ① edge of the placenta, a single carpel, ovary in a room with students in mind ovule suture on the abdominal skin, such as beans; ② parietal placentation, constituted by two or more sub-carpel room, ovule was born in the heart of the edges of the skin, such as rape, cucumber; ③ axile placentation, suspicious skin to form a multi-room by the ovary, ovule was born in the ovary of the central axis, such as cotton, citrus; ④ Central Trinidad placenta, in a room by the suspicious skin to form the ovary, ovule and ovary wall with students in the separate central axis, such as the Caryophyllaceae plant; ⑤ basal placentation ovules was born in the ovary at the base, such as Compositae; ⑥ apical placentation, ovules was born in the top of the ovary, such as Thymelaeaceae plants. Ovule integument and nucellus by the organization formed. Each ovule, generally have a large spore mother cell, meiosis, the formation of four haploid spores, of which 3 will soon degenerate, only one megaspore after several mitotic, producing more cells embryo sac (the female gametophyte).

In addition, various parts of the basal flowers often have nectar, known as the flower nectaries.

a flower, if you have the sepals, petals, stamens and pistil of 4 parts, known as the full flower; if the missing part of those who are called imperfect flowers. Stamen and pistil in a flower has, called hermaphrodite flowers; some plants flower only stamens or pistils, this flower is called unisexual flowers. Only to male stamen, pistil of the female flowers only, such as oaks, and willows of the flowers. If the female and male flowers on the same in one, this plant is called monoecious, such as oak; If the respective female and male flowers on different plants of birth, is called dioecious, such as willow. Some plants, in the same strain can have bisexual flowers and male and female flowers, while some species, both plants have bisexual flowers and male plant female plants, such as the kiwi.

flower flower patterns and various plants flower application form and structure, can take the cross-section diagrams to represent the arrangement of the various parts of its form, known as the flower pattern. Such as cotton flower pattern (Figure 7). Some symbols and numbers can also be fitted to the formula, known as the flower program. Such as cotton flower program is: K (5 +3), C5, A (∞) G (3-5:3-5), in which representatives of the calyx K, C behalf of petals, A representative of stamens, G on behalf of the pistil. P on behalf of perianth. Figures are representative of the letters written in the lower right corner, such as the large number with Add a horizontal line can represent the room under the seat, the seat room and a half under the seat room. Sign in front of the flower program with Flower type

1. To have the various parts of the flower or not to sub:

(1) full flower (complete flower): calyx, corolla, androecium and pistil groups are available flowers commonly known, such as rape, cotton, peaches, tomatoes and other flowers.

(2) imperfect flowers (incomplete flower): the lack of calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium group in any part or parts of the flower commonly known as mulberry, pumpkin, willow flowers.

2. to take the symmetry points

(1) actinomorphic flowers (actinomorphic flower): through the center of the flower can be made more than 2 symmetry plane, also known as neat flower (regular flower), such as cotton, peaches, tomatoes and other flowers.

(2) bilaterally symmetrical flowers (zygomorphic flower): through the center of the flower can only make two symmetrical plane, also known as irregular flower (irregular flower), such as beans, pansy, rice and other flowers.

(3) asymmetric flowers (non-symmetry flower): through the center of the flower, flower symmetry plane can not be made, such as the canna flowers.

3.

under the classification of spring flowers flowering time (3-5 months) fry (6-8 months) fall flowers (9-11 months) to spend the winter (December-February) < br>
4. According to the nature of stem Woody

flowers: plum, peach, peony, crabapple, magnolia, wooden pen, Bauhinia, forsythia, Admiralty, lilac, wisteria, spring cuckoo , azaleas, pomegranate, smiling flowers, white orchid, jasmine, gardenia, osmanthus, jasmine, Hibiscus, bloom-free teeth red, bean sprout Liu, camellias, spring.

common herbaceous flowers: Chun-lan, Hong Jin, arrowhead flowers, hyacinth, tulip, violet, snapdragon, chrysanthemum, Changchun, Cineraria, sweet pea, Ciaran, pink, Lycoris radiata, Lotus, aster , water lily, peony, phlox, tuberose, marigold, amaranth, Cymbidium, tuberose, lily of the valley, Cymbidium, flower Ru Chi, Hong Jin, Sinningia, daffodils, blue grass, melon YE Ju, Calceolaria flower, rabbit flower, into the red wax.

5.

classification based on the growth period is from the annual flower planting, growth, flowering, seed set to the aging of death, life within a year of herbal flowers. Most are in the South China annual flower, annual and biennial flower blooming in the ground is not easy. Annual flower planting period is short, usually 2-6 months flowering, after flowering and fruiting will die a natural death, such as pansy, zinnia, cockscomb, a string of red, maidenhair, cosmos, calendula, chrysanthemum and so on. Are positive annual flower plants, planting location must have full sun for proper growth of flowering, if the lack of sunshine, easily lead to poor fertility, leggy and not easily blossom. Annual flower life span is short, but charming brightly flowering, can be used for potted plants, cut flowers or flower bed landscaping, landscape application types can change the seasons turn, bring people fresh, bright, spectacular visual experience.

perennial flower perennial flower is also called, refers to sex in the perennial herb, the flowering beauty of the concept of a perennial plant flower-based. Perennial flower of life can continue for many years, it regardless of whether the flowering shoots, fruit, underground remains of life, can be re-sprout the second year of growth, re-flowering, such as the African impatiens, chrysanthemums, gerbera, watch pineapple class , Shegan, African violet, bird of paradise, firecracker red.

perennial flower in the ornamental purposes, can be used to layout of garden beds can also be potted or cut flowers and flower arranging for materials, especially in the floral material, perennial nature of the clubs are the main source of floral materials,UGG boots cheap, such as chrysanthemums, carnations , Anthurium, baby's breath, gerbera, bird of paradise flowers and stars and so is an important floral materials.

perennial flower has enough positive light like plants, but also loved the soft light in the scattered negative growth of plants. Seasonal temperature changes and the length of sunlight on the growth and flowering of perennial flower effect is extremely obvious, must be managed into appropriate, can be successfully flowering.

perennial flower to flower-based view can be arranged potted plants or garden for floral, green for the home environment, landscape and people's mental and physical transfers and contributions are of great benefit.

plant, also known as trailing vine or vine of a plant's stem, branches can not easily stretch independent, must rely on its winding tendril or vine stem, climb and even crawl to the normal growth of the ground persons, including plants and woody scandent herbaceous trailing plant, divided into climbing of vines, such as melons, Ficus pumila, Verbena and so uncertain with tendrils or aerial roots can be wrapped around something else volume growth. Winding of the vine, such as morning glory, wooden roses Huangcao fish spend more black eel vine, honeysuckle, with its winding stems can grow something else. Creeping of the vine, such as saddle rattan, wicker, Huang Jinju, etc., vine lying on the ground can grow in contact with the ground at the root-prone. Scandent shrub, such as bougainvillea, jasmine, Yunnan Huang Suxin, shine rattan and other plants of the original shrub, but shoot elongation or after the half trailing vine-like, independent growth or stalk growth.

trailing plants in the landscape can be used for flower-flower racks, fences, landscaping or potted plants such as shade sheds, the vine can bloom after climbing scaffolding for the watch, the formation of a cool space underneath the scaffolding can be for open space,UGG boots, its use more special.

of bulbous flowers in the perennial perennial plant, the roots are especially large, into a block or ball, can store nutrients for the germination of flowering are known as According to the shape and location of the mast can be divided into the bulb (such as lilies, Amaryllis drama, Narcissus, tennis flower), bulbs (such as gladiolus, crocus, freesia), tubers (such as Sinningia, Coleus lines, long-barreled flowers), roots (such as Dahlia, Granville), roots (such as canna, red ginger flowers) and so on.

bulbous flowers of different origin based on the growth can be divided into temperate or tropical species. Cool temperate species preferences (such as tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, etc.), South China are difficult to cultivate flowering ball, an annual all imported bulbs, the short-term training and flowering. Tropical species (such as tuberose, tennis flower, Canna) grow well in southern China throughout the year.

the growth cycle of flower bulbs are a common long-term drought habits - sleep. Sleep duration varies by species, about 30-90 days, the sleep of death when the leaf yellow wilt, the nutrients stored in large underground bulbs, but only some species in the dormant period to stop childbearing, there is no obvious dead phenomena (such as Amaryllis , Zephyranthes, purple daring, etc.). To shorten the cultivation period of dormancy, to promote flowering and tidy, often in cold storage method,UGG boots clearanc, breaking the bulb dormancy.

6. According to the way of floral arrangement of classification of angiosperms

flowers to various parts of the spiral arrangement (spiral arrangement) to the original, such as magnolia, buttercup flowers, the flowers some parts of the (group of prominent stamens and pistil, such as groups) has not given numbers, and is spirally arranged. More evolved, such as most parts of flowers, not only a set number and arranged for the wheel (whorled arrangement).

7. According to Link STATUS

parts of flowers, each from the students is the original, and even co-evolved, for example, spent away from the flap is more original, Geban flowers are more evolved. Ministries at the right time to spend with, connected together in the same organ, such as the petals and the petals of joint, which even collectively known as Hopson (connection); also even between different parts of the flower together, such as cotton androecium ( filaments connate) together with the petals at the base with this Link as adnate (adnation), many plants the calyx, corolla and androecium and pistil ovary adnate to form a room under the seat.

8. According to the ecological habits of classification

this classification is based on the type of flower plants and ecological habits of life to the classification, the most widely used.

9.

classified according to the natural distribution into tropical flowers, temperate flowers, cold flower, alpine flowers, water plants and flowers, rock plants and flowers, desert flowers.

Narrow sense of Generalized So not only includes a broad herbaceous flowers, but also the trees, shrubs, vines and ground cover plants and so on.

Flower reputation

- Rose;


white chief in the Quebec br> - Portland, chrysanthemum, daffodils, iris;



- camellias, azaleas, cyclamen, red wax, hanging Zhonghai Tang;

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Cashmere Artemisia, gentian.



flowers and festive New Year (January 1) to choose joy and fun atmosphere with gladiolus, rose, carnation, orchids, tropical orchids, freesia, cents-off , the narcissus, schlumbergera, Anthurium, kumquat, Strelitzia reginae and so on. Spring Festival (lunar calendar the first day) to choose the festive and fun atmosphere with gladiolus, rose, carnation, orchids, tropical orchids, freesia, cyclamen, narcissus, schlumbergera, Anthurium, kumquat, Cape Hope orchids, which also sent to the specific preferences and of the other seasonal flowers are open may be.

Valentine's Day (February 14) Valentine's Day to get the most of red roses, a warm expression of specific emotions. Send roses to a lover to Jizhi appropriate? Of course, is better, a meaning to take a soft spot, three represents, such as: lily, tulips, forget-me, Anthurium and so on. Express our deep love can be!

girl Festival (March 3) to send the girl section of the general or pink carnation pink roses as pink on behalf of women.

Women's Day (March 8) Women's Day bouquets or baskets for delivery portfolio.

Ching Ming Festival (April 5) Ching Ming Huang Baiju send flowers or yellow lilies, orchids, do not forget my best.

Boys Day (May 5) Boys Day General to send flower arrangements combined to yellow.

Nurses Day (May 12) Nurses Day flower arrangements or bouquets to send appropriate elegance.

Mother's Day (second Sunday of May) is usually carnations on behalf of the mother of their children and continual feelings. When sending single flowers can also be sent to support the composition of the number of bouquets, or plug made flower arrangements and elegant chic.

◇ red carnations: used to wish his mother good health and longevity

◇ yellow carnation: the representative of the mother's gratitude

◇ Pink Carnation: to pray always beautiful young mother

◇ white carnation: the memory of the mother of several

◇ warm colors of the carnations love

Father's Day (third Sunday of June) is usually sent mainly yellow roses and lilies. In some countries, the yellow color as the male. In Japan, Father's Day must be sent white roses, branch number and the shape is not limited.

Mid-Autumn Festival (lunar August 15) Mid-Autumn Festival to send yellow chrysanthemums and potted plants as well, or a combination of flower baskets, bouquets.

Teacher's Day (September 10) Teachers often compared to mothers, may be sent to colored carnations.

National Day (October 1) National Day appropriate to send flowers or bouquets portfolio.

Christmas Day (December 25) is usually sent to poinsettia, Christmas tree, yellow or red flowers lily wreath composed of green leaves.

flowers saying

often walk among the flowers, live to the Ninety-nine

determined to keep flower does not open, unintentional positive outcomes are not

eggplant Fallen flowers opening of Flowers

not heartless things, into Chunni first month of spring more Hu Hua

pattern of red, pink apricot February lengthy,

dry red peach trees in March April rose by a short wall.

garnet red as fire in May and June over the lotus pond,

Gardenia wearing, July, August osmanthus Thriving Hong,

early September Chrysanthemum open, October Hibiscus is the makeup,

winter months Narcissus case the altar, the twelfth lunar month Samuume fight frost.